Sex-related differences in delayed doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice.

Cancer survivors may experience long-term cardiovascular complications due to chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX). The exact mechanism of delayed DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has not been fully elucidated. Sex is an important risk factor for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. In the current study, we identified sex differences in delayed DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and determined the underlying molecular determinants of the observed sexual dimorphism. Five-week-old male and female mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of DOX (4 mg/kg/week) or saline for 6 weeks. Echocardiography was performed 5 weeks after the last dose of DOX to evaluate cardiac function. Thereafter, mice were sacrificed and gene expression of markers of apoptosis, senescence, and inflammation was measured by PCR in hearts and livers. Proteomic profiling of the heart from both sexes was conducted to determine differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Only DOX-treated male, but not female, mice demonstrated cardiac dysfunction, cardiac atrophy, and upregulated cardiac expression of Nppb and Myh7. No sex-related differences were observed in DOX-induced expression of most apoptotic, senescence, and pro-inflammatory markers. However, the gene expression of Trp53 was significantly reduced in hearts of DOX-treated female mice only. The anti-inflammatory marker Il-10 was significantly reduced in hearts of DOX-treated male mice only, while the pro-inflammatory marker Il-1α was significantly reduced in livers of DOX-treated female mice only. Gene expression of Tnf-α was reduced in hearts of both DOX-treated male and female mice. Proteomic analysis identified several DEPs after DOX treatment in a sex-specific manner, including anti-inflammatory acute phase proteins. This is the first study to assess sex-specific proteomic changes in a mouse model of delayed DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Our proteomic analysis identified several sexually dimorphic DEPs, many of which are associated with the anti-inflammatory marker Il-10.

Course of infection by Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and B. divergens in sheep depends on the production of IFNgamma and IL10.

Ovine babesiosis is an important disease in China and responsible for economic losses. Several Babesia strains are involved, but Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and Babesia sp. BQ1 (Ningxian) are particularly prevalent in the Guansu region. Babesia divergens, in contrast, can experimentally infect spleen-intact sheep, but does not induce clinical signs. The immune response of spleen-intact sheep to Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) and to B. divergens was therefore compared to identify the immune mechanisms involved in pathogenicity. The greater pathogenicity of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) than that of B. divergens was confirmed: sheep infected with Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan), but not with B. divergens, developed hyperthermia and showed patent parasitaemia in Giemsa-stained blood smears from the ear vein. Furthermore, more parasites were also detected in the blood from the jugular vein of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan)-infected sheep. Pathogenicity of Babesia spp. involved cellular responses, but not humoral responses. Interferon-gamma was produced only by specifically activated PBMC from B. divergens-infected sheep and interleukin-10 only by specifically activated PBMC from Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan)-infected sheep. The role of these cytokines in the course of infection by Babesia spp. is discussed.

AG490 prevents cell death after exposure of rat astrocytes to hydrogen peroxide or proinflammatory cytokines: involvement of the Jak2/STAT pathway.

Janus kinases/STAT pathway mediates cellular responses to certain oxidative stress stimuli and cytokines. Here we examine the activation of Stat1 and Stat3 in rat astrocyte cultures and its involvement in cell death. H(2)O(2), interferon (INF)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-6 but not IL-10 caused cell death. Stat1 was phosphorylated on tyrosine (Tyr)-701 after exposure to H(2)O(2), INF-gamma or IL-6 but not IL-10. Tyr-705 pStat3 was observed after H(2)O(2), IL-6 and IL-10. Also, H(2)O(2) induced serine (Ser)-727 phosphorylation of Stat1 but not Stat3. The degree of Tyr-701 pStat1 by the different treatments positively correlated with the corresponding reduction of cell viability. AG490, a Jak2 inhibitor, prevented Tyr-701 but not Ser-727, Stat1 phosphorylation. Also, AG490 inhibited Tyr-705 Stat3 phosphorylation induced by H(2)O(2) and IL-6 but did not prevent that induced by IL-10. Furthermore, AG490 conferred strong protection against cell death induced by INF-gamma, IL-6 and H(2)O(2). These results suggest that Jak2/Stat1 activation mediates cell death induced by proinflammatory cytokines and peroxides. However, we found evidence suggesting that AG490 reduces oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2), which further shows that H(2)O(2) and/or derived reactive oxygen species directly activate Jak2/Stat1, but masks the actual involvement of this pathway in H(2)O(2)-induced cell death.

Proinflammatory effects of exogenously administered IL-10 in experimental autoimmune orchitis.

We studied the effects of exogenously administered recombinant murine interleukin (IL)-10 on the development of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) in C3H/He mice. IL-10 significantly augments histological signs of EAO when administered for 6 consecutive days from days 15 to 20 after primary immunisations with testicular germ cells. These data demonstrate that IL-10, in addition to its well-known antiinflammatory property, also has proinflammatory functions capable of up-regulating testicular immunoinflammatory processes in vivo.

Epstein-Barr virus encoded interleukin-10 inhibits HLA-class I, ICAM-1, and B7 expression on human monocytes: implications for immune evasion by EBV.

Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in viral infections, as a target for viruses and in activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has evolved elaborate strategies to dampen the immune system and to persist within the host. There is evidence that the product of the BCRF-1 open reading frame of EBV, viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10), inhibits the capacity of monocytes/macrophages to induce T cell activation, but the full mechanism of this effect is unknown. To determine whether this effect might involve modulation of the expression of accessory molecules known to be important in T cell activation, we analyzed by flow cytometry the influence of vIL-10 on the basal as well as on IFN-gamma-induced up-regulation of HLA molecules, ICAM-1, and two members of the B7 family B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) at the surface of human monocytes. Viral IL-10 in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited both basal- and IFN-gamma-induced HLA-class II, ICAM-1 (basal levels of ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 is unaffected), CD80, and CD86 up-regulation when added simultaneously with IFN-gamma. In contrast, complete inhibition of HLA-class I expression on monocytes/macrophages occurred only when vIL-10 was present 2 h prior to the addition of IFN-gamma, implying that vIL-10 affects an early step in the IFN-gamma signaling pathway. As both monocytes and macrophages can be infected by EBV, we propose that vIL-10-mediated impairment of monocyte/macrophage antigen-presenting function could help the virus-infected cells to avoid detection by the host's T cells on one hand and contribute to its immunosuppressive properties on the other.

Acute systemic administration of interleukin-10 suppresses the beneficial effects of moderate hypothermia following traumatic brain injury in rats.

Traumatic injury to the central nervous system initiates inflammatory processes such as the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to secondary tissue damage. Hence, administration of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) may be neuroprotective. Moderate hypothermia (30-32 degrees C) also decreases the pro-inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thus, we hypothesized that the combination of IL-10 and hypothermia would provide synergistic neuroprotective effects after TBI. To test this hypothesis, fifty isoflurane-anesthetized rats underwent a controlled cortical impact (2.7 mm tissue deformation at 4 m/s) or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to one of five conditions (TBI/VEH Normothermia (37 degrees C), TBI/VEH Hypothermia (32 degrees C for 3 h), TBI/IL-10 Normothermia, TBI/IL-10 Hypothermia, and Sham/VEH Normothermia). Human IL-10 (5 microg) or VEH was administered (i.p.) 30 min after surgery. Function was assessed by established motor and cognitive tests on post-operative days 1-5 and 14-18, respectively. Cortical lesion volume and hippocampal CA(1)/CA(3) cell survival were quantified at 4 weeks. Brain sections from 15 additional rats were immunohistochemically assessed (MoAB RP-3) to determine neutrophil accumulation at 5 h after TBI. The administration of IL-10 after TBI produced an approximately 75% reduction in the number of RP-3-positive cells in both the normothermic and hypothermic groups vs. the normothermic vehicle-treated group (P<0.05), but did not improve functional outcome. In contrast, hypothermia alone enhanced both motor and cognitive function and increased CA(3) neuronal survival after TBI. Contrary to our hypothesis, systemic administration of IL-10 combined with hypothermia did not provide synergistic neuroprotective effects after TBI. Rather, IL-10 administration suppressed the beneficial effects produced by hypothermia alone after TBI. The mechanism(s) for the negative effects of IL-10 combined with hypothermia after TBI remain to be determined.

New cytokine delivery system using gelatin microspheres containing interleukin-10 for experimental inflammatory bowel disease.

Interleukin (IL)-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses the T helper 1 immune response and down-regulates macrophages and monocytes. The therapeutic effect of systemic administration of IL-10 for patients with inflammatory bowel disease, however, has not been satisfactory. We examined whether rectal administration of gelatin microspheres (GM) containing IL-10 (GM-IL-10) prevents colitis in IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice. GM-IL-10 and IL-10 alone were administered rectally. The colon was examined macroscopically and microscopically. IL-12 mRNA expression and CD40 expression in Mac-1-positive cells were also examined. Macroscopic and microscopic examination revealed marked improvement of colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice treated with GM-IL-10. mRNA expression of IL-12 in Mac-1-positive cells in GM-IL-10-treated mice was significantly decreased compared with that in the mice treated with IL-10 alone. Additionally, CD40 expression in Mac-1-positive cells in GM-IL-10-treated mice was decreased more prominently than in mice treated with IL-10 alone. The therapeutic effects of GM-IL-10 were associated with decreased expression of IL-12 mRNA and down-regulation of CD40 expression in Mac-1-positive cells. GM-IL-10 might be useful for treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Preclinical safety evaluation of recombinant human interleukin-10.

Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human interleukin-10 (rhuIL-10) has been evaluated in an extensive series of in vivo and in vitro nonclinical safety studies, including genetic toxicology, single- and repeat-dose systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics, reproductive toxicity, and specialized irritation studies. The primary test species in the toxicology studies were the mouse and monkey based on rhuIL-10 activity in receptor binding and ex vivo cytokine assays. Supported by a detailed preclinical program of therapeutic and prophylactic animal models in autoimmune diseases, the initial clinical development program has focused on investigating the therapeutic potential of rhuIL-10 (Tenovil) in Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The results of the subcutaneous toxicity studies, up to 3 months dosing duration in mice and 6 months dosing duration in monkeys, support the development of rhuIL-10 for present and future clinical indications by the subcutaneous route of administration.

Interleukin-10 inhibits intimal hyperplasia after angioplasty or stent implantation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Intimal hyperplasia after stent implantation is the main cause of in-stent restenosis. Activated monocytes play a key role in intimal growth. The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent monocyte deactivator, endogenously produced in the atherosclerotic plaque. We tested the hypothesis that exogenous IL-10 may limit postangioplasty intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty or stenting. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic rabbits were treated with recombinant human IL-10 (rhuIL-10) for 3 days after balloon angioplasty or 28 days after stent implantation. High IL-10 serum levels and intense deactivation of circulating monocytic cells, assessed by inhibition of IL-1beta release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood, were detected for at least 8 hours after rhuIL-10 intravenous injection (ELISA). Morphometric analyses, performed 28 days after injury, indicated that rhuIL-10 reduced intimal growth by approximately 50% after balloon angioplasty or stenting, resulting in more preserved lumen in stented arteries. Moreover, rhuIL-10 reduced macrophage infiltration by 67% and proliferative activity by 81% in the intima and the media. No toxic effect was detected except minor changes in blood cell count. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-inflammatory cytokine rhuIL-10 reduces postinjury intimal hyperplasia. The potent attenuation of in-stent intimal growth by rhuIL-10 and its favorable toxicity profile suggest that rhuIL-10 may be useful in the prevention of in-stent restenosis.